Monrad-Krohn (1963)
MONRAD-KROHN, G. H. “The Third Element of Speech: Prosody and Its Disorders.” In Problems of Dynamic Neurology, ed. L. Halpern, 101-18. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1963.
Description of the functional types of prosody, according to the author’s own classification system of: intrinsic prosody; propositional prosody; emotional prosody; and prosodic grunts. Brief treatment of comparison with animal vocal behaviors. Finally, a brief description of the three major forms of prosodic disturbance, classified as: Hyper-prosody; Hypo-prosody or a-prosody; and Dys-prosody. Presents the symptoms, but mostly avoids specific explanations or theories of possible causes for the underlying disorder.
As regards the anatomical substratum subservient to the prosodic faculty, we may safely claim that the extra-pyramidal structures affected in paralysis agitans form an integrating part of the anatomical substratum necessary for the production of the prosodic quality in speech. But let me emphasize a statement by Hughlings Jackson (1874) regarding speech in general, which applies equally well to the prosody in particular: “To locate the damage which destroys speech and to locate speech are two different things.” The fact that the prosodic faculty is diminished by lesions of the extra-pyramidal structures involved in paralysis agitans does by no means prove more than that these structures are necessary for the expression of prosodic qualities. (116)
